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The accuracy of AI translation technologies can be evaluated along one linguistic dimension at a time, and this article focuses on one such dimension, namely modality. Drawing on a corpus of Chinese electronic instruction manuals and their machine and human English translations, this study conducts a contrastive analysis to examine how AI translation systems process modality and evaluates relevant prior findings. The review proceeds in three steps. It first asks whether mainstream systems provide a dedicated procedure for modality and finds that they do not, so output quality still rests on statistical modelling. It then asks what kind of text a manual is and finds that manuals are organised around the directive function, which makes modal expressions appear frequently, especially imperatives. It finally compares the modal systems of the two languages and finds that Chinese and English do not divide modality in the same way, so a given modal meaning has no fixed formal counterpart. The strength of a marker is therefore a matter for the translator to judge in context. Comparisons of human and machine output have registered modal shifts and over-forceful warnings, but most of them remain commentaries on single examples. The only large-scaled quantitative study dates from the statistical MT era and has not been repeated since. A gap therefore remains. Before translating, current systems cannot establish which functional category a sentence belongs to, whether instruction, caution or prohibition, and so cannot choose modal strength from the range that category allows. By linking modal strength to functional categories, this study offers a criterion for future comparisons and a basis for revising machine-translated output before it reaches readers.

Background: Umbilical cord length is routinely recorded after delivery but seldom considered before it, despite growing evidence that both short and long cords carry obstetric risk.

Objective: To review the association between umbilical cord length and adverse obstetric outcomes, examine the biological mechanisms underlying it, and assess whether cord length can be evaluated antenatally.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature on cord length, morphometry, coiling and cord accidents, drawing on population registries, cohort and autopsy series, and ultrasound and artificial-intelligence studies, appraised for definitions, measurement timing and confounding.

Result: Adverse outcomes cluster at both extremes rather than rising linearly. Short cords were associated with caesarean delivery (38.8%), fetal distress (29.9%) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (16.4%), with unplanned caesarean risk increasing progressively as length falls and placental abruption raised in term births (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.72–2.73). Long cords act chiefly through mechanical opportunity, increasing wrapping, looping and knotting. Cord accidents accounted for 10% of possible or probable stillbirth causes, more commonly beyond 32 weeks, though published estimates vary widely. Lean cords occurred in 73.8% of IUGR fetuses versus 11.3% of normally grown fetuses. Absolute length is measurable only in the first trimester (r² = 0.89); three-dimensional estimation does not predict it, whereas coiling, diameter and insertion are assessable in routine examinations.

Conclusion: Cord length is best understood as a marker of fetal movement, placental development and the intrauterine environment rather than a single pathological variable. Routine measurement is not yet justified; a composite assessment of cord morphology, supported by standardised definitions and prospective cohorts, offers the more realistic path forward.

The paper approaches Rural Tourism and Agritourism through the concept of the triple equilibrium, known as “the win-win-win papakonstantinidis model”

From this perspective, the dual nature of Rural Tourism and Agritourism is analyzed, and an attempt is made to adapt the model to these two aspects.

For this, a bridge between rural tourism and the win-win-win papakonstantinidis model is necessary

 Rural tourism is in the core of the win-win-win application. From this point of view rural tourism is in the focus. That presupposes that the local community builds up a “new local standard,” based on local people’s sensitized instant reflection behavior. By its turn, sensitized behavior must be considered in the frame of any “bargain”, between two, taking place inside the Community

Behind Rural Tourism, a philosophy has risen concerning sensitization, social trust, self-organization, empathy, collective re-action, social equity^[1]

Social trust and social cohesion conditions (sensitization process) within the Community turned-up to develop the necessity of building social capital at the local level and the win-win-win attitudes.

This study examined the degree to which principals of secondary schools in the Haifa District in the Palestinian interior practice participative leadership, the level of organizational silence among teachers, and the relationship between the two variables. It also investigated differences in participants’ responses according to gender, academic qualification, and years of experience. A descriptive-correlational design was adopted. The study population consisted of 3,287 teachers, from whom a random sample of 410 male and female teachers was selected. Data were collected using two questionnaires. Participative leadership was examined through administrative performance, human relations, and decision-making, whereas organizational silence was examined through protective silence, acquiescent silence, and defensive silence. The findings showed that the overall degree of participative leadership was high (M = 3.42), with human relations ranking first (M = 3.70), followed by administrative performance (M = 3.40) and decision-making (M = 3.16). Organizational silence was moderate overall (M = 3.04); protective silence ranked first (M = 3.35), followed by acquiescent silence (M = 2.90) and defensive silence (M = 2.86). No statistically significant differences were found in estimates of participative leadership or organizational silence attributable to gender, academic qualification, or years of experience. Pearson correlation results indicated statistically significant positive associations between participative leadership and the dimensions of organizational silence (all p < .001). The study recommends strengthening participative leadership practices, broadening teachers’ involvement in decision-making, and creating psychologically safe school environments that encourage teachers to voice ideas, concerns, and suggestions.

Lake Ranau has experienced increasing environmental pressure due to population growth, tourism development, agricultural activities, and floating net cage (FNC) aquaculture within its watershed. Previous studies reported that the lake is moderately polluted, with phosphate concentrations exceeding the Class I water quality standard (Wiata, 2024), while eutrophication, β-mesosaprobic conditions, algal blooms, hypoxia, and periodic fish mortality have also been observed (Efendia et al., 2023; Syahfitri et al., 2025). However, studies integrating water availability, water demand, water balance, and water quality remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze water availability, water demand, water balance, and water quality as the basis for developing sustainable water quality management strategies for Lake Ranau. A quantitative descriptive-analytical approach was employed using secondary data collected during 2016–2025. Water availability was estimated using the monthly 90% dependable discharge (Q90) based on the Weibull method, while water demand was calculated for the domestic, non-domestic, and irrigation sectors. Water quality was evaluated using 12 physical, chemical, and biological parameters through the STORET and Pollution Index (PI) methods in accordance with Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 and the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Decree No. 115 of 2003. The results showed that the Q90 dependable discharge ranged from 4.72 to 10.72 m³/s, while total water demand ranged from 0.041 to 0.328 m³/s, resulting in a surplus water balance throughout 2025. Although most water quality parameters complied with the Class I water quality standard, phosphate, COD, BOD, DO, nitrite, and TSS exceeded the permissible limits in specific zones and seasons. Both the STORET and PI methods consistently classified Lake Ranau as moderately polluted, with Zone II (Banding Agung) experiencing the highest pollution pressure. These findings indicate that Lake Ranau currently has sufficient water availability to support existing water uses, whereas water quality remains the primary management concern. Therefore, sustainable management should prioritize nutrient input reduction, particularly phosphate, sustainable management of floating net cage aquaculture, improvement of domestic wastewater treatment, runoff control within the catchment area, and continuous water quality monitoring. The novelty of this study lies in integrating water quantity and water quality assessments within a single analytical framework to support evidence-based and sustainable lake management.